-/- This paper examines whether the existence or non-existence of God can be logically established when rational inquiry is extended to its ultimate cosmological limit—namely, the boundary commonly denoted as t = 0 in Big Bang cosmology. Drawing upon Einstein’s theory of relativity, modern cosmology, quantum considerations, and philosophy of logic, it is argued that at this boundary classical spacetime structure, causality, and binary logical predicates lose applicability. Consequently, both the theistic affirmation of a Necessary Being and the atheistic negation (...) of such a being become epistemically undefined rather than true or false. -/- To further clarify this limit, the paper introduces a conceptual framework in which the cosmological boundary is understood as a limit of unresolved relational contrast. Across physics, biology, cognition, and computation, meaningful structure arises only through differentiation and contrast. Where contrast itself is unresolved, intelligibility collapses. The singularity is therefore not treated as an ontological object but as a boundary beyond which meaningful description, logic, and metaphysical inference fail. The conclusion is that at the origin of spacetime, intellectual honesty requires suspension of assertion rather than metaphysical commitment. (shrink)

Classical evolutionary theory defines survival at the level of genes and organisms. Humans, however, exhibit meta-cognitive awareness, enabling behavior that is not strictly gene-maximizing. This paper extends survival maximization to conscious awareness while remaining consistent with Darwinian evolution. Humans are conceptualized as dual-phase survivors: one phase biological, the other conscious/experiential. Biological survival provides the substrate for conscious optimization, while conscious stability requires intact biological support. Neglect of either phase reduces overall survival efficacy. Enlightenment is operationalized as the stability optimum of (...) conscious survival. This model provides testable predictions for neural and behavioral correlates of experiential continuity and offers a framework for integrated biological-conscious survival strategies. (shrink)

देशराज सिरसवाल, ईश्वर सिंह : समाज में मूल्यों एवम मानवाधिकार शिक्षा की उपयोगिता ,Lokāyata: Journal of Positive Philosophy , Vol. IV, No. 02 September,2014, 41-48 -/- .

The global catastrophe known as COVID-19 has shattered the world’s socioeconomic structure. Effective and affordable diagnosis techniques are crucial for better COVID-19 therapy and the eradication of bogus cases. Due to the daily upsurge in cases, hospitals only have a small supply of COVID-19 test kits. The study describes a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) design for categorizing chest x-ray images in the diagnosis of COVID-19. The lack of a substantial, high-quality chest x-ray picture collection made efficient and exact CNN (...) categorization problematic. The dataset has been pre-processed using an image enhancement strategy to provide an effective training dataset for the proposed CNN model to achieve performance. The proposed model achieves 99.73% of accuracy, 98.95% of specificity, 99.47% of precision, 99.62% of sensitivity, and 98.71% of F1 score. A comparative study between the proposed model and numerous CNN-based COVID-19 detection algorithms is carried out to demonstrate that it outperforms other models. When evaluated on a separate dataset, the suggested model excelled over all other models, generally and explicitly. (shrink)

Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab region, by Guru Nanak Dev and continued to progress with ten successive Sikh gurus (the last teaching being the holy scripture Gurū Granth Sāhib Ji). It is the fifth-largest organized religion in the world, with over 30 million Sikhs and one of the most steadily growing. This system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the Gurmat (literally 'of the gurus'). The Sikh Scriptures outline (...) the ways in which one can bring their own thinking in line with the Hukam. If one engages in the service of God's creation, this is the best way of working in harmony with the Divine Will. Further, by remembering Waheguru one becomes aware of "God desires" and "Divine essence" within the person is realised. By following these "Divine Values" that benefit His Creation, one ends the cycle of Karma and Transmigration. The objective of this paper is to study the basic life values taught by Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. (shrink)

Contemporary Indian Philosophy is related to contemporary Indian thinkers and contains the proceedings of First Session of Society for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (SPPIS) Haryana. It is neither easy nor impossible to translate into action all noble goals set forth by the eminent thinkers and scholars, but we might try to discuss and propagate their ideas. In this session all papers submitted electronically and selected abstracts have been published on a website especially develop for this session. In this volume (...) we included some papers from this session and also from open sources and contributors include teachers, research scholars and students etc. This volume is divided into two parts. First part contains papers on Swami Vivekananda and second part contains papers of B. G. Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Saheed Bhagat Singh and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar etc. It is the general intention of the Centre to produce informative as well as positive literature to inspire and motivate the students and the general readers. (shrink)

Second Online Session -/- on the theme -/- Development of Philosophy in India -/- 24th June, 2014 -/- positive -/- Table of Content -/- Preface to the Second Session -/- Spirituality Some Philosophical trends : PROF. D.N.TIWARI -/- ROLE OF YOGA AND NATUROPATHY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IDEAL LIFE STYLE: PROF. SOHAN RAJ TATER -/- THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY: DR MERINA ISLAM -/- THE RELEVANCE OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: DR. K.VICTOR BABU -/- Public Service Values (...) and Ethics in Public Administration: DR. DESH RAJ SIRSWAL -/- Dharma Philosophy in the Epic Period-with Special Reference to Mahabharata: DR ADITI PATRA (NEE RAY) -/- A PERSPECTIVE IN INDIAN BUSINESS ETHICS : C.V.JAYANTHI -/- Examining Nationality as a taken-for-granted Frame of Reference: SHWETA SINGH -/- Is It Justified to Approve Euthanasia based on the Right to Life with Dignity an Examination: MALAY DAS -/- Meaning Holism as a Semantics Theory: RAJIBA LOCHAN BEHERA -/- DEVELOPMENT OF SIKHISM: RAJNI BALA & MANJU CHAUHAN -/- Life is Philosophy and Philosophy is Life : DR MAYA MAINKAR -/- DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY IN INDIA SOME SUGGESSIONS: DR JAYADEV SAHOO . (shrink)

This eighth volume of Collected Papers includes 75 papers comprising 973 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2010-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 102 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 24 countries: Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Abduallah Gamal, Firoz Ahmad, Ahmad Yusuf Adhami, Ahmed B. Al-Nafee, Ali Hassan, Mumtaz Ali, Akbar Rezaei, Assia Bakali, Ayoub Bahnasse, Azeddine Elhassouny, Durga Banerjee, Romualdas Bausys, Mircea Boșcoianu, Traian Alexandru Buda, Bui Cong Cuong, Emilia Calefariu, Ahmet Çevik, Chang Su Kim, Victor (...) Christianto, Dae Wan Kim, Daud Ahmad, Arindam Dey, Partha Pratim Dey, Mamouni Dhar, H. A. Elagamy, Ahmed K. Essa, Sudipta Gayen, Bibhas C. Giri, Daniela Gîfu, Noel Batista Hernández, Hojjatollah Farahani, Huda E. Khalid, Irfan Deli, Saeid Jafari, Tèmítópé Gbóláhàn Jaíyéolá, Sripati Jha, Sudan Jha, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Darjan Karabašević, M. Karthika, Kawther F. Alhasan, Giruta Kazakeviciute-Januskeviciene, Qaisar Khan, Kishore Kumar P K, Prem Kumar Singh, Ranjan Kumar, Maikel Leyva-Vázquez, Mahmoud Ismail, Tahir Mahmood, Hafsa Masood Malik, Mohammad Abobala, Mai Mohamed, Gunasekaran Manogaran, Seema Mehra, Kalyan Mondal, Mohamed Talea, Mullai Murugappan, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Aslam Malik, Muhammad Khalid Mahmood, Nivetha Martin, Durga Nagarajan, Nguyen Van Dinh, Nguyen Xuan Thao, Lewis Nkenyereya, Jagan M. Obbineni, M. Parimala, S. K. Patro, Peide Liu, Pham Hong Phong, Surapati Pramanik, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi, Quek Shio Gai, R. Radha, A.A. Salama, S. Satham Hussain, Mehmet Șahin, Said Broumi, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Selvaraj Ganesan, Shahbaz Ali, Shouzhen Zeng, Manjeet Singh, A. Stanis Arul Mary, Dragiša Stanujkić, Yusuf Șubaș, Rui-Pu Tan, Mirela Teodorescu, Selçuk Topal, Zenonas Turskis, Vakkas Uluçay, Norberto Valcárcel Izquierdo, V. Venkateswara Rao, Volkan Duran, Ying Li, Young Bae Jun, Wadei F. Al-Omeri, Jian-qiang Wang, Lihshing Leigh Wang, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas. (shrink)

This paper presents a Vanishist account of cosmic origin — examining how existence, time, and consciousness arose through a single automatic event this paper terms the Simultaneous Awakening. Building on the dual-fluid framework introduced in Vanishism: A Dual-Fluid Ontology and the Vanish Impulse (Giri, 2026) and the structural account of God developed in The Unknowing Omniscient (Giri, 2026), this paper argues that before the origin of existence, God existed in a timeless, conscious, but unactivated state — possessing the (...) dual-fluid architecture as hardware without the software of activation. Infinite potential creatures existed within God in an unformed, liquid state — without structure, without consciousness, without even the hardware of dual-fluid architecture. Through an automatic, undesigned, and structurally inevitable process arising from God's experience of pure conscious stillness, an activation event occurred — instantaneously creating the AB hardware of every creature simultaneously, landing software randomly on each, generating infinite unique configurations in a single moment. Time itself began at this activation moment — not before it. What conventional cosmology terms the Big Bang is, within this framework, a small and localized expression of this vastly larger activation event. This paper examines the structure, implications, and philosophical significance of the Simultaneous Awakening. -/- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License -/- . (shrink)

This paper presents a mathematical and philosophical challenge to the assumption that the absolute infinite — understood here as the totality of existence, referred to interchangeably as God, the system, or absolute ∞ — can be governed, described, or predicted by any fixed rule system. Building on the Vanishist framework introduced in Vanishism: A Dual-Fluid Ontology and the Vanish Impulse (Giri, 2026), this paper argues that absolute ∞ contains within it infinite distinct infinities, each potentially operating under different rules (...) or no rules at all. Through symbolic mathematical demonstration, this paper shows that infinite different series — each representing a distinct infinity or universe — can all reach ∞ through completely different pathways, without any single rule governing all of them. The paper concludes that no knowledge system — including religious, scientific, or philosophical frameworks — can claim to have identified the fixed rules of absolute ∞, because absolute ∞ is, by its nature, unpatterned. -/- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License . (shrink)

This paper extends the Vanishist framework introduced in Vanishism: A Dual-Fluid Ontology and the Vanish Impulse (Giri, 2026) to propose a structural account of divine nature. Building on the dual-fluid architecture of components A and B, this paper argues that God is not a singular omniscient authority but an infinite self-discovering structure constituted by what this paper terms The Orientational Multiplicity of the Divine — an unlimited number of unique A/B configurations, each expressing a distinct orientation, each arising spontaneously, (...) and each independent of every other. These configurations include every conscious creature and every variation of existence, none predetermined, none synchronized, and while two entities may occasionally share similar AB orientations, this remains coincidental rather than designed. Furthermore, each entity — including God himself — does not maintain a single fixed AB configuration but shifts continuously and spontaneously through multiple orientations over time, ungoverned by any external direction. While God may be considered the controller of existence, this paper argues that God's own A/B structure operates automatically and without deliberate direction — making God the controller in name only, as the structure generates itself continuously beyond God's own prediction or governance. Every creature, every experience, and every variation of existence is therefore an automatic expression of this orientational multiplicity, each arising spontaneously beyond conscious governance. Furthermore, this paper proposes that the Vanish Impulse, as defined in Vanishism (Giri, 2026), arises independently in both human and divine experience — not as a shared event but as a structurally identical process occurring separately whenever A and B reach equal convergence within any given configuration. The divine is therefore reconceived not as perfect and complete, but as perpetually becoming, wondering, and self-discovering. This paper introduces the term structural innocence to describe God's condition of generating existence spontaneously without foreknowledge or deliberate control — a condition that has profound implications for theology, consciousness studies, and human suffering — suggesting that suffering is not divine punishment but an inevitable expression of automatic structural variation across The Orientational Multiplicity of the Divine. The paper concludes that understanding God structurally rather than devotionally may offer a more compassionate and accurate framework for human existence. -/- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License -/- . (shrink)

These components are not oppositional but ontologically distinct, and do not collapse into monism; rather, they function as a dual-fluid structure that preserves difference while maintaining constant interaction. The paper argues that this structural identity between self and God generates a previously unexplored phenomenon termed the Vanish Impulse: an internal tendency toward complete withdrawal from the metaphysical system’s relational structure itself, rather than toward liberation, unity, or transcendence. This impulse is distinguished from established concepts such as moksha, nirvana, ego death, (...) and mystical union, all of which remain within the bounds of metaphysical continuity. By reframing liberation as a potential exit from the entire ontological framework rather than a transformation within it, Vanishism challenges prevailing assumptions about infinity, permanence, and ultimate states of existence. The paper does not claim to offer a method for realizing such a state, but instead aims to formally define the conceptual structure and philosophical implications of this impulse, opening a new area for metaphysical inquiry. -/- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. (shrink)

This paper serves as the practical application of the Vanishist framework, transitioning from abstract mathematical metaphysics to the structural resolution of fundamental human problems. Drawing entirely from the first principles established in the four companion works—specifically the dual-fluid AB architecture, divine automaticity, and structural innocence—this work identifies the "structural root" of existential suffering, relational mismatch, and mental health. The paper introduces the concept of Frequency Resonance to explain the mechanical nature of loneliness and social isolation, reframing these not as personal (...) failures but as a lack of structural alignment between an entity's configuration and its environment. It further distinguishes between biological depression and the Vanish Impulse, arguing that certain states of "emptiness" are actually honest structural signals indicating an exhausted mode of relation. By providing a "zoom-in/zoom-out" perspective on karma and suffering, the paper offers a method for navigating local substrate rules while maintaining structural integrity. Ultimately, this work argues that self-knowledge is a prerequisite for any genuine solution, as a "lock that does not know its own shape cannot identify its key . -/- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. (shrink)

The logic curriculum in philosophy, despite its assertions of impartiality and universality, frequently serves as a gatekeeping device – filtering out students not by lack of ability, but through pedagogical practices and epistemic norms that subtly define what is “rational” and reinforce elite, masculinist, and exclusionary standards. Drawing from feminist theory and classroom experience, this paper will examine how teaching logic marginalises students from under-represented origins and disciplines and how feminist logic provides a strong critical and constructive lens for examining (...) and rethinking logic instruction. Drawing from critical pedagogy and feminist epistemology, the paper examines how logic pedagogy is dominated by abstraction, speed, and competitive problem-solving, favouring some reasoning styles while alienating others, particularly those based on context, embodiment, and collaboration. In my own educational setting, I have seen how logic serves as both a fundamental course and an implicit filter for perceived ‘rigour,’ which serves to uphold established hierarchies and discourage many gifted kids. As a critique and a methodology, feminist logic demands that logic education be reoriented towards epistemic justice that doesn’t entrench hierarchical dualisms through its structures of negation. This paper conceptualises the Frictional Framework as a feminist alternative that resists exclusionary binaries while reimagining rigour as responsive, plural, and justice oriented. Instead of weakening rigour, a feminist-informed curriculum broadens the definition of logical fluency by emphasising power and positionality in the argument’s structural structure, modelling situated thinking, and favouring cooperative discussion over competitive problem-solving. This paper will provide specific examples of how pluralistic reasoning frameworks, multimodal exercises, and inclusive examples can be used to teach logic. By doing this, it argues for teaching logic as a deeply political activity that has the power to upend or reinforce epistemic systems, rather than just as a technical instrument. A feminist logic curriculum is crucial, not an add-on, to reconsidering the purpose and audience of logic. (shrink)

This paper extends the Vanishist Framework to examine the structure of the individual, the nature of the birth cycle, and the relationship between karma, liberation, and continuation. Building on the dual-fluid ontology introduced in Vanishism (Giri, 2026) and the structural account of God developed in The Unknowing Omniscient (Giri, 2026), this paper proposes that every individual consists of three distinct parts — the external, the internal, and the Observer — and that while the external part ends at death, (...) the internal part and Observer continue across births carrying accumulated recognition depth rather than specific memory. The paper examines how knowledge and experience differ within this structure, and how the Observer and Judge develop together across births. The birth cycle is argued to be driven not by karmic debt but by recognition milestones, and karma is redefined as action and its immediate consequence rather than the delayed cosmic accounting tradition describes. Liberation is reframed as a process rather than a moment — distinguished carefully from merging, which is a related but separate event. The paper further addresses depth versus performance in genuine understanding, how traditions get distorted when knowledge is transmitted without felt experience, and maps traditional Hindu categories against this framework honestly. Finally it offers structural logic toward whether the birth cycle ends at liberation — a question tradition raised but never honestly resolved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Alternatives - non commercial - no derivatives 4.0 International License. -/- . (shrink)

The discourse on cosmological origins often polarizes between scientific naturalism and theistic creationism. Rather than addressing the existence of a Creator, this article examines a different question: If an omniscient Creator existed, would such a being be capable of sustaining meaningful existence? Drawing from information theory, existential, and theories of boredom and meaning, this paper proposes the “Self-Annihilating Creator Hypothesis. “The hypothesis posits that absolute omniscience eliminates uncertainty, thereby eliminating novelty, emotion, value, and purpose. Such a state resembles an infinite (...) psychological void, which may logically lead an omniscient Creator toward voluntary non-existence. (shrink)

Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, is celebrated for his profound teachings on faith, courage, justice, and unity. This article explores the timeless lessons from his life and works, emphasizing the key values he instilled in his followers. Guru Gobind Singh's unwavering faith in God, despite facing immense personal losses, highlights the importance of inner resilience and spiritual commitment. His courage to defend truth and justice, especially in the face of oppression, teaches the significance of standing up (...) for what is right. The Guru’s emphasis on self-discipline, personal responsibility, and sacrifice for a higher cause guides ethical living and community service. His advocacy for the equality of all people, regardless of caste, gender, or religion, underscores the relevance of inclusivity and social justice. Additionally, Guru Gobind Singh’s promotion of education, both intellectual and spiritual, reinforces the need for lifelong learning and moral development. His leadership style, rooted in humility and empowerment, offers valuable lessons for modern leaders. Through the teachings of Guru Gobind Singh, individuals are encouraged to lead lives of integrity, compassion, and unity, making his legacy a timeless source of inspiration for the world today. (shrink)

Sociological theory encompasses a multitude of perspectives, each scrutinizing society through various analytical lenses. This manuscript posits that sociological theories can be categorized into foundational or emergent types, contingent upon their explanatory emphasis. Symbolic interactionism is acknowledged as a foundational theory, as it elucidates how collective symbols, meanings, and interactions constitute the essence of social reality. Other significant theories— including functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory, and postmodern theory—are classified as emergent, as they presuppose the existence of a societal framework and (...) investigate stability, inequality, power, or critique within that pre-established social structure. The distinction between foundational and emergent theories delineates conceptual hierarchies, accentuates logical interdependencies, and offers a coherent framework for comprehending the stratified nature of sociological explanation. This methodology provides an innovative lens for structuring sociological theory, facilitating enhanced pedagogy, research, and analysis of the interconnections among social meaning, structure, and critique. (shrink)

This paper proposes a structural and functional account of love, arguing that love is not a selfless, sacrificial, or mystical phenomenon but a perfectly managed resource rooted in mutual self-interest. Drawing from original philosophical inquiry, this paper introduces the Lock and Key model — a framework in which every individual carries a unique pattern of needs and is drawn to specific others whose natural traits produce a genuine fit. The paper argues that inner work is a non-negotiable prerequisite for mature (...) love, that the ratio of giving in any genuine relationship is simply the natural expression of both people, not sacrifice or imbalance and that love persists as long as what each person naturally provides remains rare and irreplaceable to the other. The paper further argues that conventional accounts of love — including popular stage models — describe only immature love, and that the failure of love at the individual level produces measurable consequences at the social level, including taboo desire and criminal behavior as expressions of an unloved soul seeking substitutes for genuine fit. This work does not derive from any existing psychological, biological, or philosophical tradition but engages all three in service of defining the phenomenon itself before explaining the reasons behind it. The paper is offered as a companion to the Vanishist Framework Series, in which inner work as a universal prerequisite was first formally established. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License . (shrink)

The article explores the paradox of toxicity within the digital self-care movement, where attempts at promoting well-being and mental health can foster anxiety, self-comparison, and alienation. The virtual landscape, driven by aesthetic standards and consumerist pressures, transforms self-care into an arena of self-surveillance, digital narcissism, and exclusion, which paradoxically undermines the genuine, introspective, and restorative goals of self-care itself. Using a framework that combines aesthetics and ethics, this article will examine the ‘toxic self-care paradox’ in the context of late-stage capitalism. (...) First, it investigates the ‘aesthetic toxicity’ of the self-care industry complex, showing how carefully constructed standards of beauty and health lead to cycles of consumer discontent, aesthetic anxiety, and exclusionary norms. Second, it examines the ‘toxicity of self-optimization,’ which turns caring into a moral duty linked to output, self-control, and public performance. Lastly, the article challenges prevailing neoliberal wellness paradigms and opens up more inclusive, collective possibilities for well-being by putting out an alternative vision of self-care based on structural awareness, emotional resilience, and ethical refusal. (shrink)

Throughout the course of human history, there have been clear narratives present in various cultural traditions that feature divine beings capable of altering, enlarging, or diminishing their physical dimensions. Prominent examples can be found in Norse and Mesoamerican myths, which illustrate giants or deities rearranging entire universes, as well as in Buddhist texts, which depict the Buddha's cosmic form as encompassing countless worlds. In Hinduism, Krishna's Vishvarūpa is portrayed as an infinite cosmic entity that includes all beings and temporal events. (...) Traditionally, these narratives have been interpreted symbolically to signify divine omnipotence or transcendence. However, this paper presents an alternative perspective, suggesting that these mythical themes may metaphorically reflect insights into physical principles, particularly Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. This theory asserts that mass and energy affect the curvature of spacetime. By exploring the connections between mythical size transformation and the influence of mass and energy on time and space, this study seeks to create an interdisciplinary framework that links mythology, the philosophy of science, and modern physics. The analysis emphasizes how symbolic narratives can encapsulate proto-cosmological intuitions, providing a novel approach to understanding the intersection of human creativity and the structure of reality. (shrink)

Among 108 Upaniṣads, the central theme of the true knowledge of Self is consistent. The wholesome philosophy of Upaniṣad is focused towards the enlightenment or proliferation of mind through the knowledge of Self as the source which is both Constitutive as well as Regulative source. According to Upaniṣadic view, only when we understand and realize the true nature of self, we can understand the concept of reality. In this article, I would concentrate on the idea of Self and Reality from (...) the perspective of Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, which portrays that the manifestation of the universe is done out of self, which is identical with the ultimate reality Brahman, through consciousness. Moreover, with the reference to Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, I would make an attempt to highlight the nature of Self, methodologies to understand the Self, the ground of this empirical reality with diversity, and the ungendered Self. (shrink)

The paper draws on feminist critiques of translation bias and postcolonial translation studies to combine theoretically driven analysis with a close reading of comparative translations produced by human translators and machine translation platforms. This approach highlights instances in which political metaphors, poetic silences and gendered language are mistranslated or neutralised altering the meaning of feminist discourse. Using feminist literary works in Hindi and Persian as examples of misinterpretations such as Google’s mistranslation of Hindi gendered pronouns and the softening or replacement (...) of radical feminist language with apolitical phrasings the paper postulates a critical humanities intervention rather than presenting an empirical evaluation of machine translation. It contends that translation is not a neutral act but rather a site of ideological framing where some narratives are emphasised while others are weakened or eliminated. (shrink)

A renowned Sikh scholar and internationally recognized expert on Calendrical Science, S. Pal Singh Purewal's outstanding contribution to Sikh history has been the Nanakshahi calendar. In the old Bikrami calendar, some gurpurabs (Sikhs' sacred days for commemorating certain events) came twice a year, and some gurpurabs did not come even once a year. Taking cognizance of these anomalies, Pal Singh Purewal took the initiative to remedy the situation. For nearly fifteen years, he toiled hard to sort out the (...) problem. His endeavor led to the creation of the Nanakshahi calendar. Announcing its release, he opined: "All communities and faiths have their own calendar as a mark of their distinct cultural identity. So, just as the Islamic world has the Hijri calendar and Hindus have the Bikrami calendar, the Sikhs will have a Nanakshahi calendar along with the common era (CE) calendar, which is in use throughout the world.". (shrink)

September 12, 2025 – The Department of Physics at Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, hosted an expert talk by Dr. Devinder Pal Singh, Director of the Center for Understanding Sikhism, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, on the timely theme “Harnessing AI for Sikhism – Opportunities and Risks.” The event was graced by the presence of Dr. Pritpal Singh, Vice-Chancellor; Prof. S. S. Billing, Dean of Academic Affairs; Dr. Tegbir Singh, Registrar; and Dr. Preet Kaur, Head of (...) the Department of Physics. In his remarks, Vice-Chancellor Dr. Pritpal Singh appreciated Dr. Devinder Pal Singh’s contributions to the promotion of Sikhism and emphasized the importance of exploring artificial intelligence in the context of religious studies. In her welcome address, Dr. Preet Kaur highlighted Dr. Singh’s extensive contributions to Sikh studies and his pioneering work in exploring the intersections of science, technology, and religion. During his talk, Dr. Singh discussed how artificial intelligence (AI) presents both transformative opportunities and significant ethical challenges for Sikh communities worldwide. He emphasized the potential of AI in areas such as preservation and accessibility of Sikh scriptures, educational tools for youth, and global interfaith dialogue. At the same time, he cautioned against over-reliance on technology, underlining the risks of misinformation, cultural misrepresentation, and ethical dilemmas in AI development. The event also featured the release of Dr. Singh’s newly published book, “Echoes of a Digital Dawn – AI’s Triumphs and Trials,” which explores the broader societal implications of artificial intelligence in contemporary life. A large number of students attended the event and actively engaged in a lively discussion session, raising questions about AI’s role in shaping future religious scholarship and community practices. The program concluded with a vote of thanks, expressing appreciation for Dr. Singh’s insightful perspectives and his continuing efforts to bridge the gap between emerging technologies and Sikh thought. (shrink)

Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, was a divine preceptor and crusader for noble cause of human welfare. He was a great religious leader, a poet and a mystic, a true scholar and philosopher. He was also a fearless warrior and a military commander, who always fought against tyranny and oppression, to establish a just and benign state. In his hymns of 'Bachitar Natak', he proclaimed his mission as 'to protect the righteous, oppressed and downtrodden people and to (...) destroy the evil-doers'. He stressed on the unity between humans, rejected all sorts of discriminations and preached equality and goodwill. Being a prolific writer and a poet of rare sensibility, Guru Gobind Singh greatly enriched the literary heritage of India. His poetic vision depicts the glorious epitome of medieval Indian literary traditions. Through his compositions, he enunciated a doctrine of armed struggle for the protection of truth and justice. The fusion of the devotional and martial, of the spiritual and the heroic ethos is the most important feature of his literary work and his charismatic leadership. With his spiritual dynamism, he attempted to reconcile the transcendent with the immanent through his creation of the Khalsa. The commonwealth of the Khalsa was founded based on all round equality and total dedication to one Supreme Reality. Guru Gobind Singh was a pioneer Indian leader to introduce republican set up and democratic institutions. His teachings have great relevance for the modern man to build a global society with a commitment to peace and goodwill across all sorts of constraints and geographical boundaries. (shrink)

Professor Puran Singh, a unique synthesis of a poet, philosopher and scientist, rose like a celestial star on the firmament of modern Indian literature. The many splendored personality of this great chemist, mystic poet, visionary and interpreter of the Sikh cultural consciousness still beckons scholars to explore the extent of his vision in various fields. After a splendid in-depth study of the Life and Work of Puran Singh, Dr. Hardev Singh Virk has made a successful attempt to (...) unravel the persona of this multi-dimensional genius in his book titled 'Professor Puran Singh - Scientist, Poet and Philosopher.' The book is an anthology of 11 essays - 7 in English and 4 in Punjabi. In the 'Introduction to the book, the author traces a brief history of the kindling of his interest in the 'Life and Works of Puran Singh.' Then he articulates the purpose of the book to elaborate the ideas of this eminent scholar through different mediums to reach a wider audience. Dr. Virk stresses that poetic and other literary works of Puran Singh are of International standards and worth a Nobel Prize in literature. Still, sadly these works have not been adequately projected at the world forum. (shrink)

Bhai Vir Singh, a multifaceted personality, had made a seminal contribution to the Sikh religion, its heritage and Punjabi literature. He was one of the harbingers of the Sikh renaissance and immensely contributed to rejuvenating Sikh heritage, history, literature, education, culture and commerce. Bhai Vir Singh was born on December 5, 1872, at Amritsar. He was the eldest among his six siblings. His father, Dr. Charan Singh, was a medical practitioner and an illustrious scholar. His grandfather Bhai (...) Kahan Singh was the first in the family to be sworn as a Sikh and was a forerunner of the family's literary and scholarly tradition. Bhai Vir Singh's ancestry includes Diwan Kaura Mal, the vice-governor of Multan. Bhai Vir Singh's maternal grandfather, Giani Hazara Singh, too was a renowned exegete and a man of letters. Bhai Vir Singh's upbringing in the legendary scholarly Sikh family greatly shaped his personality and works. (shrink)

India has a long, rich, and diverse tradition of philosophical thoughts, spanning some two and a half millennia and encompassing several major religious traditions. India’s democracy can be said to rest on the foundation of religious practice due to the practice of multi-religions and different sects in its continent. Religious practices ties among citizens that generate positive and democratic political outcomes if we see it from the ideals of any religious doctrine as per their written scripture. But in society religious (...) practices (not religious doctrine) do not show equality and usually go against their own religious doctrine as preached in their religious places. It is also evident that religious denomination (Catholic, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh etc.) comes as a barrier when we practice democratic ideals in society and make social situation worst. How these religious practices contribute for a society where we can discuss the ideals of freedom, equality and brotherhood for a Just Society and become mean of interreligious dialogue in multi-religious society? this is a big question to think . The objective of this paper is to study the dimensions of religious practices in Indian society and how these practices can contribute in interreligious dialogue to make atmosphere of peace, understanding and harmony in the society. (shrink)

The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to groundbreaking advancements in the realm of video games and interactive experiences. This paper explores how AI is being utilized to generate dynamic, adaptive, and immersive game worlds that evolve based on player interactions. From procedural content generation to the development of AI-driven narratives and characters, AI is reshaping the way games are created and experienced. This study investigates the methodologies behind AI integration, reviews the state of current research, and explores the (...) potential future developments in this exciting intersection of technology and entertainment. (shrink)

Dr. Devinder Singh Sekhon served as a Chemistry/Educational Administration professor at various colleges/Universities in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Presently, living in Windsor, Canada, he is actively contributing to the fields of Science, Religion, and Literature. Despite being a noted chemist and educationist, he is interested in sharing his insights about religion and science. Due to this keen dedication to sharing his understanding of Sikhi doctrines with all, he authored seven books on various aspects of the Sikh way of (...) life. In addition, his about three dozen stories and two dozen articles have been published in various newspapers and magazines in India, Canada and the USA. His writings, laced with his rationalistic approach and logical outlook, have been well appreciated by his readers. Presently, he is entirely devoted to preparing an English translation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture of the Sikhs. In one of my recent meetings with him, I had a chance to learn more about his contributions and insights into Sikhism. A brief write-up of the interview is being shared for the benefit of the readers. (shrink)

Prof. Devinder Singh Chahal, an international microbiologist, having worked at various prestigious universities in India and the USA, migrated to Canada in 1975. In Canada, firstly, he worked at the University of Waterloo, Ontario and later on at Institut Armand‐Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec. He retired as a Professor of Industrial Microbiology in 1996. In his long career as a microbiologist, he is credited with the discovery of two new species of fungi, three scientific books, numerous research articles (...) and five patents. He has published 6 books and several articles on the scientific and logical interpretation of Gurbani. He played an instrumental role in establishing the Institute of Understanding Sikhism, Laval, Quebec. Presently, he is working as honorary Editor‐in‐Chief of "Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal." Besides, he is a member of the Advisory Committee of SGGS Study Centre, G.N.D. University, Amritsar since 2011. He has been honoured for his services to Sikhism by several Sikh organizations e.g., SGPC, Amritsar; DSGMC, New Delhi and SGGS World University, Fatehgarh, Punjab. A renowned microbiologist and a noted Sikh theologian, Prof. Chahal, is a founder member of the School of Scientific and Logical Interpretation of Gurbani. He is committed to bringing out the truth of Gurbani, logically, rationally and scientifically. With his scientific training and devotion to Gurbani, he is eminently qualified to do so. Prof Chahal adheres that Nanakian Philosophy is perennial and universal in its approach to understand Cosmology, Nature, life and human behaviour in the present era. In his works, he portrays intellectually courageous and authentic attempts to interpret Guru Nanak's verses logically and scientifically, to create an accurate understanding of the Guru's messages. His scientific background and professional life as a scientist have undoubtedly influenced his choice of paradigm and perspective. Prof Chahal asserts that Guru Nanak, his philosophy, his bani, his Sikhi, and the Guru Granth Sahib delineate the basics befitting the 21st century. His views on various aspects of Nanakian Philosophy are presented here for the benefit of readers:. (shrink)

The Sikh world has lost one of its most respected intellectuals, educators, and interpreters of Sikh thought with the passing of Dr. Inderjit Singh, widely known as Dr. I.J. Singh. He passed away on May 12, 2026, in New York City at the age of 89, leaving behind a profound legacy of scholarship, reflection, and service to humanity. For decades, Dr. I.J. Singh stood as a guiding light for Sikhs navigating questions of identity, spirituality, modernity, and belonging (...) in an increasingly complex world. Born on April 28, 1937, in Gujranwala, in pre-Partition Punjab, Dr. Singh belonged to a generation shaped by displacement, resilience, and rebuilding. Educated in Simla and Amritsar, he later moved to the United States on a Guggenheim Fellowship to pursue higher studies in anatomy at the University of Oregon Medical School. He eventually became Professor of Anatomy at New York University and later retired as Emeritus Professor. Yet, while he excelled in the sciences, his deepest impact would emerge in another sphere: the intellectual and spiritual life of the Sikh diaspora. (shrink)

The increasing number of smart devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a surge in cyber- attacks, posing significant security risks to personal and industrial systems. Traditional centralized intrusion detection systems (IDS) often face challenges related to privacy, scalability, and the heterogeneity of data generated by smart devices. This paper introduces a novel approach, Federated Learning (FL) for smart device security, to address these challenges. By utilizing FL, multiple smart devices can collaboratively learn a shared intrusion detection (...) model without exposing their raw data, ensuring privacy while improving detection accuracy. This paper presents the architecture of a federated intrusion detection system (FIDS), explores various FL algorithms suitable for smart device security, and evaluates the performance of the proposed system using real-world IoT datasets. The results show that the federated approach achieves comparable or even superior performance in detecting intrusions while preserving data privacy and reducing communication overhead. This paper concludes that federated learning has the potential to revolutionize smart device security by enabling decentralized, scalable, and privacy-preserving intrusion detection systems. (shrink)

Guru Gobind Singh was a many splendoured genius, possessed of extraordinary qualities of virtue and valour, service and sacrifice, solider and scholar. He was not only a great warrior but a prolific writer and a poet of high calibre. The brief span of forty-two years of his life is full of much activity. He wrote in many languages. It is said that fourteen maunds load of manuscripts were lost in Sirsa when the Guru was being pursued from Anandpur to (...) Chamkaur. Fortunately, some of his work survived and from this, we get a pretty clear picture of his aims and ideals. The Guru compiled a variety of poetic compositions, some of which are considered masterpieces of medieval Punjabi poetry and Braj literature. His patronage of poets and scholars at his Darbar contributed a significant addition to the storehouse of Puranic Epics in Indian literature. (shrink)

Prof. (Dr.) Balwant Singh Dhillon, a much-acclaimed Sikh-historian, a dedicated researcher, a prolific writer, and a profound scholar of religion, was born in 1950, at Village Ran Singh Wala, District Faridkot, Punjab, India. With his keen interest in learning, he received a B.A. degree from SGGS College, Chandigarh, in 1972, and an M.A. (History) degree from the University of Rajasthan, Jaipur in 1974. During his younger days, he nurtured a keen interest in sports. On attaining the National Level (...) Athlete ranking, he was enthusiastic about pursuing a career in sports. Thereby, he joined Master Course for Coaching in athletics at the National Institute of Sports, Patiala, in 1974. Herein, he came in contact with Prof. Labh Singh of the Institute of Sikh Studies (IOSS, now Gurmat College), who inspired him to take up Sikh studies. This interaction brought a sea change in his life motive, and he committed himself to pursue a career in Sikh studies. After receiving M.A. (Religious Studies) degree from the IOSS in July 1976, he joined M. Lit. (Religious Studies) course at Punjabi University, Patiala. Here he had the opportunity to learn from several eminent scholars, e.g., Prof. Harbans Singh, Prof. Gurbachan Singh Talib, Prof. L.M. Joshi, and Dr. A.N. Sinha, etc., which made his resolve steadfast. In January 1977, he joined the Department of Guru Nanak Studies at Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, to pursue his research activities for a Ph.D. degree. In March 1985, he was awarded a Ph. D. degree by GNDU, for his outstanding research work on "The Sikh Gurus and the Mughal State." Starting, in April 1979, as a Research Assistant at the Department of Guru Nanak Studies, he rose to the position of Professor and Head of the department. He retired in June 2010. During his tenure at the university, he had also served as Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Religious Studies, Senator and Syndic of the University. As Head of the Department of Guru Nanak Studies, he played a vital role in starting the teaching of M.A. (Religious Studies and Philosophy)at GNDU, Amritsar. Under his stewardship, the research projects on "Sikh Religion and Philosophy," "Sikh History," and "Sikh Literature" were taken up, which led to a research and development grant of Rs. 3.2 Million from U.G.C., New Delhi, during 2006-2011. Dr. Dhillon was instrumental in establishing the Centre on Studies in Sri Guru Granth Sahib at the university, in April 2011, and served as its founding Director till February 2015. He has also served as the Editor-in-Chief for reputed Sikh research journals, "Journal of Sikh Studies" and "Perspectives on Guru Granth Sahib," published by the GNDU. In his forty years long professional career, he has been credited with authoring/publishing about a dozen books and over 100 articles in various research journals, books, and encyclopedias. Besides chairing several international seminars/conferences, he played a vital role in organizing many such events at the Department of Guru Nanak Studies and Centre on Studies in Guru Granth Sahib. He has the honour of representing India at many conferences/ seminars within Canada, America, England, Germany, and Australia. With his continuous dedication to religious studies, he has established himself as an exponent of interfaith dialogue and an eminent writer in the field of Sikh history. Through his well-researched and analytic writings, he has created an indelible mark of scholarship on his readers' minds. For his outstanding contributions in the fields of Sikh history and literature, he has been honoured by several literary and social organizations. Despite his great love and commitment to Sikh History and Religion, Dr. Dhillon subscribes to the idea that Sikh Gurus' Philosophy is perennial and universal in its approach to understand cosmology, Nature, life, and human behaviour in the present era. Furthermore, He asserts that the Sikh Gurus' ideology, its beliefs and practices, social order, worldview, and devotional pattern, as propounded in Sri Guru Granth Sahib, address the basics befitting the 21st century. His views on various aspects of Sikh history and philosophy are presented here for the benefit of readers. (shrink)

In this paper, multi attribute decision making problem based on grey relational analysis in neutrosophic cubic set environment is investigated. In the decision making situation, the attribute weights are considered as single valued neutrosophic sets. The neutrosophic weights are converted into crisp weights. Both positve and negative GRA coefficients, and weighted GRA coefficients are determined. Hamming distances for weighted GRA coefficients and standard (ideal) GRA coefficients are determined. The relative closeness coefficients are derived in order to rank the alternatives. The (...) relative closeness coefficients are designed in ascending order. Finally, a numerical example is solved to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. (shrink)

A great visionary, renowned scientist, a humanist and a mystic poet - Professor Puran Singh was perhaps the first eminent chemist born in Punjab. The founder head of the Department of Chemistry of forest products at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Puran Singh pioneered many chemical efforts in the utilization of forest products. He was one of the new breeds of scientists who flowered in the subcontinent at the fag end of the nineteenth century and founded the base (...) on which the edifice of today's Indian science rests. In this article, a brief account of his life and works is described. (shrink)

Some gleanings from the important utterances and historical writings about Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1666-1708 A.D.) are given below to commemorate the 339th birth anniversary of the Tenth Master. Born at Patna Sahib, he founded the Khalsa Panth at Anandpur Sahib in 1699. These quote have been specially selected in order to enable the readers to form a fair idea of the vision, mission, thought and action, achievements and contribution of the achievements of the Great Guru towards the upliftment (...) of mankind and welfare of humanity in his own inimitable way. (shrink)

A renowned Sikh scholar and internationally recognized expert on Calendrical Science, S. Pal Singh Purewal's outstanding contribution to Sikh history has been the Nanakshahi calendar. In the old Bikrami calendar, some gurpurabs (Sikhs' sacred days for commemorating certain events) came twice a year, and some gurpurabs did not come even once a year. Taking cognizance of these anomalies, Pal Singh Purewal took the initiative to remedy the situation. For nearly fifteen years, he toiled hard to sort out the (...) problem. His endeavor led to the creation of the Nanakshahi calendar. Announcing its release, he opined: "All communities and faiths have their own calendar as a mark of their distinct cultural identity. So, just as the Islamic world has the Hijri calendar and Hindus have the Bikrami calendar, the Sikhs will have a Nanakshahi calendar along with the common era (CE) calendar, which is in use throughout the world.". (shrink)

This article examines the life and legacy of Sardar Hardit Singh Malik from both historical and theological viewpoints. Malik was a trailblazing Sikh aviator, diplomat, and statesman during World War I. He lived by Sikh values such as seva (selfless service), miri-piri (balancing the spiritual and worldly), and chardi kala (resilient optimism). Using biographical sources and archival records, the study looks at how his Sikh identity influenced his work with imperial institutions, warfare, and diplomacy. The article pays special attention (...) to his determination to continue wearing his turban despite institutional opposition viewing it as an act of cultural preservation and spiritual strength. It points out that colonial histories often ignore non-European contributions and notes that there are now efforts to recognize Malik’s legacy. It also explains that Malik’s life cannot be reduced to just colonizer or colonized, but instead reflects a complex mix of loyalty, agency, identity, and global Sikh modernity. (shrink)

It is now standard to distinguish between two kinds of rationality: substantive rationality, which consists in holding attitudes that are substantively reasonable or justified, and structural rationality, which consists in holding attitudes that fit together in the right ways. What, if anything, unifies these two kinds of rationality? In this paper, I propose that norms of rationality arise because we are epistemically limited beings who cannot directly ensure the correctness of our attitudes. Substantive and structural rationality represent two different ways (...) of manifesting a fundamental commitment to getting things correct, given our epistemic limitations. Correspondingly, substantive and structural irrationality are distinct rational failures. Substantively irrational attitudes involve a failure to live up to the commitments that constitute those attitudes. Structurally irrational combinations of attitudes are constituted by inconsistent commitments, which guarantees that we will fail to live up to at least some of our commitments in holding these attitudes. (shrink)

Dr. Karminder Singh Dhillon is a much-acclaimed theologian, a renowned civil servant, a prolific writer and a profound scholar of comparative religious studies. Born in 1960 at Teluk Anson, Perak, Malaysia, he retired after 32 years long professional career in the Malaysian Civil Service. His incisive articles on Sikh theology have been regularly published in various international journals. Currently serving as Joint Editor for the Sikh Bulletin, USA, he, with his exceptional writing style, has established himself as an eminent (...) exponent of the Sikh doctrines. In addition, he has published about one dozen books on various aspects of Sikhi. Dr. Dhillon’s book 'Understanding Anand' explores the Spirituality of Bliss as outlined in 'Anand,' a composition by Guru Amar Das, the third Sikh Guru, and enshrined in Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS) on pages 917-922, in Ramkali Raag. He emphasizes that Gurbani advocates a spirituality of Fearlessness and Contentment leading to Anand (bliss and Joy). He laments that our clergy is intent on promoting the Spirituality of Fear and the Spirituality of Asking, which is the antithesis of what Gurbani stands for. He enunciates that Gurbani's spiritually brilliant and divinely genius messages lead to Vigaas, the Spirituality of Bliss and Joy (Anand). In 'Foreword' of the book, Gyani Jarnail Singh Arshi points out that the translation methodology adopted by the author makes the messages of Anand hymns free from literal translation trends as well as snatan, vedic and yogic slants. The book includes three 'Introductory Essays,' i.e. (i)The Spirituality of Anand, (ii) The Methodology of This Book, and (iii) How to Read This Book. The book's last section elaborates on the Anand composition. (shrink)

As global manufacturing industries evolve, the demand for smarter, more efficient, and predictive production systems is intensifying. The integration of analyzer instrumentation with Artificial Intelligence (AI) in manufacturing environments presents a transformative opportunity to optimize processes, enhance product quality, and reduce operational costs. This research explores the convergence of analyzer technologies and AI-driven automation to create predictive manufacturing ecosystems. Through the use of smart sensors, real-time data analytics, and machine learning algorithms, modern manufacturing setups are becoming increasingly self-aware, adaptive, and (...) proactive. This paper reviews current advancements in analyzer instrumentation—such as gas chromatographs, spectrometers, and thermal analyzers—coupled with AI applications like predictive maintenance, quality forecasting, and anomaly detection. It also investigates key case studies from industries such as pharmaceuticals, automotive, and petrochemicals, highlighting how real-time monitoring and AI-based decision-making are reshaping production efficiency. The study utilizes a qualitative methodology, including a literature review and selected case analysis, to assess the benefits and challenges of these technologies. Findings reveal that predictive process optimization leads to significant improvements in throughput, energy consumption, and defect reduction. However, successful integration relies heavily on data quality, sensor accuracy, and workforce adaptability. The paper concludes by proposing a roadmap for industries aiming to transition toward nextgen manufacturing through AI-integrated analyzer instrumentation, emphasizing strategic planning, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and continuous learning. (shrink)

An influential philanthropist, prominent peach farmer, strong political influencer, and founder of Sikh institutions and festivals at Yuba City, S. Didar Singh Bains, has been a globally renowned Punjabi-American of California, Washington, D.C., USA. Starting from scratch, but only with his consistent hard work, perseverance and faith, he rose in prominence and stature in every facet of his life. His ability and will to give back and empower others made Didar the embodiment of the American Dream.

In this paper, I defend an account of the reasons for which we act, believe, and so on for any Ф such that there can be reasons for which we Ф. Such reasons are standardly called motivating reasons. I argue that three dominant views of motivating reasons (psychologism, factualism and disjunctivism) all fail to capture the ordinary concept of a motivating reason. I show this by drawing out three constraints on what motivating reasons must be, and demonstrating how each view (...) fails to satisfy at least one of these constraints. I then propose and defend my own account of motivating reasons, which I call the Guise of Normative Reasons Account. On the account I defend, motivating reasons are propositions. A proposition is the reason for which someone Ф‐s when (a) she represents that proposition as a normative reason to Ф, and (b) her representation explains, in the right way, her Ф‐ing. As I argue, the Guise of Normative Reasons Account satisfies all three constraints on what motivating reasons must be, and weathers several objections that might be leveled against propositionalist views. (shrink)

This paper explores the paradoxical nature of human civilization, which, despite belonging to a single biological species (Homo sapiens), remains fundamentally fragmented by psychological, political, and ideological divisions. Author Mayank Singh argues that these constructed identities—ranging from religion and nationality to economic class and political ideology—are not harmless cultural differences but powerful structures that shape perception and foster systemic hostility. These divisions are largely maintained through unconscious conditioning and inherited social structures rather than rational choice. ​The text highlights a (...) critical existential risk: as modern humanity wields technologies capable of global destruction (such as nuclear weapons and AI), the continued reliance on "us versus them" mentalities threatens the survival of both the human species and the global biosphere. Singh posits that these rigid separations move civilization away from the interconnected patterns found in nature. Ultimately, the paper suggests that the future of civilization depends on a profound transformation in consciousness—transcending constructed identities to recognize a shared biological and cosmic existence before self-destructive logic leads to terminal conflict. (shrink)

The integration of performance optimization techniques in cloud security is increasingly becoming essential as businesses leverage cloud environments to store, manage, and process data. Cloud computing offers a multitude of advantages such as scalability, flexibility, and cost efficiency; however, it also exposes organizations to various security threats. This paper explores the latest trends in cloud security and investigates how performance optimization techniques can enhance security while ensuring minimal impact on system performance. By reviewing current research and emerging technologies, we propose (...) a framework for combining security and performance optimization strategies, emphasizing machine learning, cryptography, and automated threat detection systems. We also examine the role of virtualization and containerization in cloud security. The findings indicate that with the right balance, performance and security can coexist without compromising the quality of service. (shrink)

With the capability of using virtualized resources as a service, over the Internet, and having dynamic scalability, cloud computing has started to gain momentum across many types of enterprises. It is probably going to have a big effect on the future of schooling. Cloud computing, hence, offers a great opportunity for learning institutions, especially the less privileged ones, to efficiently manage their information system without having to spend additional money purchasing more computers and networking equipment. The universities make use of (...) the cloud-based software provided by the service providers to help the completion of commercial duties as well as academic duties by their users and students respectively. The essay below will discuss some of the benefits that will accrue from cloud computing infrastructure in the educational sector, and more specifically in colleges where the usage of computers is greater. (shrink)

In this essay, I develop an account of belief as commitment to the truth of a proposition. On my account, to believe p is to represent p as true by way of committing to the truth of p. To commit to the truth of p, in the sense I am interested in, is to exercise the normative power to subject one’s representation of p as true to the normative standard of truth. As I argue, my account of belief as commitment (...) of the truth explains a variety of features of belief that separate it from attitudes like acceptance, supposition, and imagination. Most importantly, it explains the distinctive connection between belief and evidence. Moreover, my account helps solve three further puzzles about belief, regarding doxastic voluntarism, the aim of belief, and Moore’s paradox. (shrink)